Zhou et al (2023) Effects of aquatic exercises on physical fitness and quality of life in postmenopausal women – an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Aquatic exercise is a valuable intervention for improving physical fitness and quality of life (QoL) in postmenopausal women. This systematic review and meta-analysis included 16 randomized controlled trials involving 594 participants aged 54 to 75. The findings highlight significant improvements in lower limb strength (LLS), upper limb strength (ULS), agility, flexibility, and overall QoL, particularly for women under 65. However, no significant effects were observed on aerobic capacity.

Aquatic resistance exercise emerged as the most effective form of aquatic therapy, offering the greatest improvements in physical performance metrics and QoL. Subgroup analyses revealed that while younger postmenopausal women experienced substantial gains in strength, agility, and flexibility, older women (≥65 years) primarily benefited in terms of overall QoL. The use of water buoyancy and resistance provided a safe and engaging environment for exercise, reducing joint stress and improving functional capacity.

The study concludes that aquatic exercise, particularly resistance-based programs, should be prioritized in postmenopausal fitness regimens to counteract age-related declines in muscle strength, mobility, and quality of life. Further research is recommended to standardize protocols and explore long-term outcomes.